Dental health is about far more than just keeping our teeth clean and free of cavities; it is deeply interconnected with the overall health of our bodies.
Our mouths are both the entry point to our digestive systems and a key part of our immune barrier, which means oral conditions can influence our systemic health.
Our mouths are a window to our health. Many systemic conditions first show up in the mouth and may present with gum inflammation or delayed healing, vitamin deficiencies with mouth sores. Dentists can sometimes spot early signs of systemic disease before a physician does.
There is a link between our oral microbiome and inflammation. Our mouths host billions of bacteria; some of which are beneficial and some harmful. Poor oral hygiene leads to gum diseases like gingivitis and periodontitis, which trigger chronic low-grade inflammation. These unfriendly bacteria can enter our bloodstream which can cause inflammation that can influence the rest of our body.
Our mouth is not an isolated system; it is directly connected to many other body systems. Some of the systems most affected by our dental health include:
- Cardiovascular system
- Endocrine system
- Respiratory system
- Reproductive system
- Musculoskeletal system
- Digestive system
- Nervous system
- Immune system
This week we discuss the interconnections with the cardiovascular, endocrine and respiratory systems.
Cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels)
Periodontal disease, otherwise known as gum disease, increases systemic inflammation. The bacteria from infected gums can enter the bloodstream through inflamed gums, promoting arterial inflammation and plaque buildup in arteries (atherosclerosis). This also increases the risk of heart attack and stroke and raises C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of cardiovascular inflammation.
People with severe gum disease are about twice as likely to develop heart disease.
Endocrine system
Gum disease and diabetes reinforce each other. Diabetes increases the risk of gum disease, while gum disease worsens blood sugar control. Diabetes impairs blood flow and immune response, making gums more vulnerable to infection. Periodontitis makes it harder to control blood sugar, worsening insulin resistance. Treating gum disease has been shown to improve HbA1c levels, which is a long-term blood glucose marker.
Respiratory system
Oral bacteria can be aspirated into the lungs, which can increase the risk of pneumonia, especially in older adults. Apart from pneumonia, oral bacteria can increase the risk for bronchitis and can exacerbate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This is especially dangerous in elderly or hospitalized patients with weakened immunity.
Next week we will continue the discussion with the other systems affected by our dental health as well as some protective strategies for oral health.
Listen to my interview with Brad Kirsten from Radio Cape Pulpit on 11 September 2025 to learn more. Listen to my next interview on Thursday at 7.45am.