Protection from the sun is important and this can be done by wearing hats, sunglasses, and UV protective clothing. It’s best to avoid exposure to the sun when the UV rays are at their strongest or during the hottest part of the day.
If you are unable to avoid the sun, a sunscreen can help to protect against sunburn. There is a lot of debate about the safety of sunscreen, but the type of sunscreen and how it is used is important. There are two types of sunscreens, namely:
Mineral sunscreens
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- Active ingredients: zinc oxide, titanium dioxide.
- Sit on top of the skin, reflect/deflect UV rays.
- Pros: Broad-spectrum, effective immediately, low risk of irritation, minimal absorption into bloodstream.
- Cons: Can leave a white layer on the skin, although newer formulas are better.
Chemical sunscreens
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- Active ingredients: oxybenzone, avobenzone, octinoxate, homosalate, octocrylene, octisalate.
- Absorb UV radiation and convert it to heat.
- Pros: Lightweight, transparent, easy to use in cosmetics.
- Cons: Some ingredients can penetrate the skin and enter the bloodstream.
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Some of the concerns about the safety of sunscreens include:
- Potential hormone disruption
Some chemical filters (like oxybenzone) have weak estrogenic activity in lab studies. Evidence in humans is limited and not conclusive. - Skin irritation or allergies
More common with chemical sunscreens than mineral ones. - Environmental impact
Oxybenzone and octinoxate have been linked to coral reef damage and is banned in some countries like Hawaii and Palau. - Vitamin D deficiency
Sunscreen reduces UVB exposure, but in practice most people don’t apply enough to block vitamin D entirely.
Experts recommend using sunscreen daily as it has protective benefits against skin cancer, premature aging, and sun damage, which they believe outweigh the risks, but complementary behaviours are also necessary.
Listen to my interview with Brad Kirsten from Radio Cape Pulpit on 9 October 2025 to learn more. Listen to my next interview on Thursday at 7.45am.